How does the immune system fight pathogens? The immune system has two distinct components: mucosal and circulatory. The mucosal immune system provides protection at the mucosal surfaces of the body.

Researchers have developed an intranasal COVID-19 vaccine that enhances the immune system’s response to the virus, providing longer-lasting, greater protection than vaccine injections, even against ...

Vaccines given via dental floss could one day allow people to immunize themselves from COVID in the comfort of their own homes without having to use needles. This is the finding of North Carolina (NC) ...

It’s hard to think of vaccination without associating it with a sharp jab in the arm. But there are other, more gentle ways of activating the immune system, such as administering vaccines via the nose ...

Flu shot season is around the corner, and while injections remain the most common form of vaccination, scientists are working hard to find other ways to deliver inoculations that don’t involve shoving ...

Researchers have demonstrated a novel vaccine delivery method in an animal model, using dental floss to introduce vaccine via the tissue between the teeth and gums. The testing found that the new ...

A nurse prepares a dose of a vaccine. — © AFP KAMIL KRZACZYNSKI A nurse prepares a dose of a vaccine. — © AFP KAMIL KRZACZYNSKI Flossing between your teeth ...